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20 November 2015, Volume 13 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Research on the co-culture model of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells and rat schwann cells SHAN Chun, YANG Xin-jie, WU Bao-lei, WANG Xin-ge, LEI De-lin. 2015, 13 (6):  481-485.  Abstract ( 364 )   PURPOSE : To establish a co-culture system of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) cells with rat schwann cells for further investigating the changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomysin-related kinase B (TrkB) and E-cadherin after cells interaction. METHODS : Transwell system was used to establish co-culture model of SACC cells with rat schwann cells. After co-culture for 96 hours, the morphology of tumor cells were investigated, the change of BDNF in co-culture medium of each group was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the expression of BDNF, TrkB and E-cadherin in tumor cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The date was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS : Compared with the single culture group, the morphology of SACC cells co-cultured with schwann cells changed to spindle-shape and polygon-shape; the expression of E-cadherin in co-cultured SACC cells was down-regulated while the expression of TrkB and phospho-TrkB was up-regulated, but the expression of BDNF had no obvious change; more expression of BDNF was detected in the co-culture medium secreted by schwann cells. The mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cells in the control group, co-cultured with schwann cells, had no similar changes. CONCLUSIONS : BDNF/TrkB signal pathway plays an important role in the process of perineural invasion of SACC, but the concrete molecular mechanism needs further experimental investigation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of infantile hemangioma on nude mice with xenograft of human hemangioma tissue PENG Hao, ZHOU Guo-yu, ZHAO Jian-xin, SHEN Ling-yue, MA Chuan. 2015, 13 (6):  486-490.  Abstract ( 436 )   PURPOSE : To find a way to establish a human hemangioma model on nude mice. METHODS : Sixteen BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into 2 groups. In one group, the mice were administered intramuscularly with 0.01 mg estradiol every week. Additionally, and another group with normal diet was as control. The specimen of human maxillofacial hemangioma was inoculated subcutaneously into 16 nude mice. The changes of hemangioma tissues were observed and harvested on the 90th day after graft, and then subjected to histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining for CD31, CD34, Ki67. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS : It was found that the volume of hemangioma tissues in the experimental group increased more greatly than the control group, and the growth characteristics were similar to human hemangioma. Statistical differences were found between hemangioma tissues and surrounding normal muscle tissues in CD31, CD34, Ki67 staining. CONCLUSIONS : It is possible to establish an experimental model of human infantile hemangioma by implanting human hemangioma tissue into nude mice, which could lay a foundation for further study of human hemangioma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cobalt chloride induced autophagy in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma YIN Chang-wei, WU Hai-wei, HUANG Sheng-yun, Ma Meng, CHEN Zhan-wei, ZHANG Dong-sheng,. 2015, 13 (6):  491-496.  Abstract ( 341 )   PURPOSE : Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the common types of salivary gland malignancies in the head and neck. Our previous study confirmed that autophagy is closely related to tumorigenesis of ACC. This study investigated the expression of Cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced autophagy and its role in tumor invasion. METHODS : Autophagosome formation and upregulation of autophgy-related microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin 1 were detected in ACC-M cells in response to CoCl2. HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway was investigated in hypoxia-induced autophagy in ACC. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using two-tailed Student’s t test with SPSS 15.0 software package. RESULTS : CoCl2 reduced cell viability of ACC-M cells, and induced formation of autophagosomes. RT-PCR and Western blot showed that the expression of HIF-1α/BNIP3 signal pathway of autophagy related protein was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS : The results revealed that CoCl2 mimetic hypoxia could induce autophagy in ACC, and HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway plays an important role in activation of hypoxia-induced autophagy in ACC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital model surgery in planning, prediction and evaluation of dento-maxillofacial deformities WANG Min-jiao, SI Jia-wen, ZHANG Jian-fei, WANG Xu-dong, SHEN Guo-fang, YU Hong-bo. 2015, 13 (6):  497-501.  Abstract ( 424 )   PURPOSE : To explore the application of digital model surgery in the treatment of dento-maxillofacial deformities. METHODS : Fifteen patients of dento-maxillofacial deformities were enrolled in this study. Digital craniomaxillofacial-dentition model was established by combined 3D CT and laser-scanned dentition model. Based on this model, surgical planning, simulation and postoperative prediction were performed. Under the guidance of 3D printed splint and guide, orthognathic surgery and asymmetry correction were carried out. Clinical examination was performed 3 months after surgery. Surgical accuracy was evaluated by comparing the postoperative CT 3D model with preoperative surgical planning. RESULTS : All patients underwent virtual surgical planning, splint and guide 3D printing and orthognathic surgery successfully. Facial symmetry was greatly improved after surgery. The mean deviation between the preoperative design and actual surgical results was less than 2 mm. CONCLUSIONS : With the ability of preoperative planning, surgical simulation and postoperative prediction, digital model surgery shows its great value in improving the accuracy of orthognathic surgery and restoring facial symmetry. It is regarded as a valuable technique in this potentially complicated procedure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applied anatomic study and clinical application of anterolateral thigh perforator flap XU Lei, GAO Peng-fei, XU Wan-Lin, CHENG Jie, LI Huai-qi, WU Yu-nong, YE Jin-hai. 2015, 13 (6):  502-507.  Abstract ( 540 )   PURPOSE : To provide anatomic evidence for clinical application of anterolateral thigh flap, this study compared the appearance and function of donor site and recipient site pre- and post-operatively in order to investigate the clinical value in reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects. METHODS : Six lower limbs of Chinese adult cadavers were microsurgically dissected and the number of perforators was recorded based on anterolateral thigh perforator flap, the external diameters, pedicle lengths, and locations were measured. Nine clinical cases of anterolateral thigh perforator flap were selected from May 2011 to May 2014, the flap size ranged from 5 cm×6 cm to 6 cm×12 cm. The patients were evaluated during postoperative follow-up including flap survival number, contour and function of recipient and donor site, and their swallowing and speech function after reconstruction of the tongue and/or floor of mouth. RESULTS : Totally 21 anterolateral thigh perforaters(each leg on average 3.5) were found in 6 legs. Nearly all perforaters of the anterolateral thigh were located in a 6 cm diameter circle, the center of the circle was located 1 cm horizontally and 2 cm vertically to the middle line between the anterior superior iliac spine and the patellar lateral edge. The external diameter of vessel pedicle was (2.99±0.48) mm and the pedicle length was (15.83±3.52)cm. Among the 9 anterolateral thigh perforator flaps, 1 flap had partial necrosis, 1 case was lost for follow up. All the cases were followed up for 10-47 months (mean 24 months). Anterolateral thigh flap was favourable in survival rate, donor or recipient site complications, swallowing and speech function. CONCLUSIONS : Anterolateral thigh flap has constant perforator, longer pedicle and suitable diameter. Clinically, anterolateral thigh flap has fewer complications, moderate size and pleasing contour, which satisfy the need for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accuracy evaluation of computer-designed stereolithographic surgical guide in dental implantology ZHAO Jing-yang, FAN Lin-feng, WANG Yan-hui, ZHANG Shan-yong, ZHAO Bao-dong. 2015, 13 (6):  508-514.  Abstract ( 599 )   PURPOSE :To assess the accuracy of implant placement using digitized guide templates, with emphasis on the advantage and clinical value in oral implantology. METHODS : From February 2013 to December 2013, Sixty patients diagnosed with dentition defect were randomly selected in the Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, who were equally divided into 2 groups. Pre-operative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken, and operation plan was designed with Simplant software. Implants were placed in group I without being assisted by surgical guide templates; implants were placed in group Ⅱ assisted by digitized guide templates using rapid prototyping technology. Postoperative CBCT was taken in 2 groups. Pre- and post-operative CBCT was matched and integrated using Simplant software, the deviation of implant between actual position and preoperative design was measured and compared using SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS : Totally 52 implants was placed in groupⅠ, the recorded deviation was as follows: the implant shoulder (2.07±0.51) mm (1.33-2.79 mm), apex (2.89±1.02) mm (1.51～4.43 mm), depth(0.78±0.33) mm (0.30～1.28 mm) and angle(8.84±4.64)° (3.29-16.21°); totally 57 implants were placed in group Ⅱ, measured deviation was as follows: the implant shoulder (1.18±0.72) mm (0.12 -2.35 mm)，apex (1.43±0.74) mm (0.20-2.66 mm), depth (0.54±0.29) mm（0.20-1.07 mm） and angle (4.21±1.91)° (0.82-7.79°). There was significant difference in implant shoulder, apex and angle （P<0.01）between the 2 groups, while there was no significant difference of depth bias between the 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS : Accuracy of implant placed was better controlled using digitized guide templates, which was favorable application prospect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A novel surgical technique for augmented corticotomy-assisted orthodontics: dumpling grafting with periosteum MA Zhi-gui, YANG Chi, XIE Qian-yang, YE Zhou-xi, PAN Lu-lu, SHEN Pei, CHEN Zhuo-zhi. 2015, 13 (6):  515-520.  Abstract ( 2338 )   PURPOSE : To introduce the dumpling grafting with periosteum (dumpling technique) as an alternative surgical approach for augmented corticotomy-assisted orthodontics in the lower anterior region and evaluate the preliminary outcomes. METHODS : From March to August in 2014, eight patients (2 men, 6 women) with dehiscence/fenestration in the lower anterior region underwent an innovated augmented corticotomy using the dumpling technique. In this new technique, an initial split-thickness dissection was performed and then the periosteal layer was carefully elevated from the alveolar bone，facilitating subperiosteal placement of bone graft material. Then the periosteum was fixed by sutures to the alveolar bone surface in a dumpling-like fashion so as to protect the grafting materials from displacement and leakage. Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate morphologic changes of the lower anterior ridge before treatment (T0), and 1 week after bone-augmentation procedure (T1). Quantitative measurements of the vertical alveolar bone changes and horizontal bone thickness at the middle levels of the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the lower anterior teeth were evaluated at T0 and T1. Paired t test was performed using SPSS 16.0 software package for data analysis. RESULTS : No serious complications occurred after surgery. Augmented bone morphology was well maintained after surgery on CBCT. Alveolar bone thickness from T0 to T1 increased by (0.65±0.89) mm at the coronal third, (3.30±1.09) mm at the middle third, and (3.96±1.35) mm at the apical third on labial side. Significant horizontal bone augmentation was found in the lower anterior teeth (P < 0.01). Furthermore, vertical alveolar bone increased by (5.35 mm±1.90 mm), which also showed significant change (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS : Augmented corticotomy-assisted surgical orthodontics using the dumpling technique could prevent bone graft material from shifting, well maintain primary augmented bone morphology, and facilitate bone regeneration at the desired position. However, long-term follow-up is necessary. Supported by Research Fund for Young College and University Teachers of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (jdy11027), Research Fund of Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau (20134Y061) and Scientific Research Fund of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (2012-12). References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of EXT gene mutations in patients with sporadic osteochondroma of condyle ZHOU Qin, CHEN Min-jie, YANG Chi. 2015, 13 (6):  521-524.  Abstract ( 520 )   PURPOSE : To detect the EXT1 and EXT2 gene mutations in patients with sporadic condylar osteochondromas(OC). METHODS : Genomic DNA was extracted from samples of resected masses of 12 sporadic condylar OC patients. PCR products spanning the coding regions, intron-exon boundaries, 5’and 3’UTR of the genes were sequenced. Variations identified in the sequences were compared with those retrieved from the databases. RESULTS : Four genetic variations of EXT1 were identified, of which 1 was synonymous coding variations, 3 in intronic region. Four variations had been reported before.Three variations of EXT2 were detected, 1 was synonymous coding variations, 1 in intronic region and 1 in 5’UTR. The genetic variations in intronic region of EXT2 were novel. CONCLUSIONS : EXT gene maybe not virulence gene for condylar OC, but further study is required for knowing EXT gene mutation in patients with sporadic condylar OC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application and effect evaluation of “V” and “+” type gingival flaps at phase 2 implant surgery LIN Cheng, ZHANG Xiao-wen, BA Jiao-jiao, LI Ya-mei, AI Juan, BAO Fei. 2015, 13 (6):  525-529.  Abstract ( 398 )   PURPOSE : The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the gingival effects by using "V" and "+" type gingival flaps at phase 2 implant surgery. METHODS : Two hundred and seventeen patients were included and 331 implants were placed into the aesthetic zone (97) and the molar region(234). During phase 2 implant surgery, "V" and "+" type gingival flap was used in the aesthetic zone and the molar region, respectively. Pink esthetic scores (PES) analysis was made in the aesthetic zone at different time points after flap surgery. The data was analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS : Three hundred and thirty-one implants showed good functions. The PES index showed a continuous improvement change in the lip side gingival of the aesthetic zone . In the molar region, 97.86 % implants acquired good gingival sleeves 2 weeks to 3 weeks after flap surgery and 94.44% implants maintained satisfactory gingival shapes 6 months to one year after flap surgery. CONCLUSIONS : "V" and “+” type of gingival flaps exhibited satisfactory clinical effects with the advantages of simple operations and less trauma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Propranolol treatment for deep infantile hemangiomas on the parotid area: a report of 23 cases SI Ya-meng, MENG Jian, ZHANG Xing, ZHANG Ai-xia, ZHENG Hao, WEI Jing-jian. 2015, 13 (6):  530-533.  Abstract ( 438 )   PURPOSE : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of propranolol for the treatment of deep infantile hemangiomas(IH) on the parotid area. METHODS : Oral propranolol at a dose of 1.0-1.5 mg/kg three times per day was administered to 23 deep parotid IHs.The duration of treatment ranged from 6 to 10 months. The changes of the tumor colour and texture were monitored and recorded at a regular interval. At the same time, size was documented by ultrasound echo color doppler. The adverse effects after medication were observed and managed accordingly. To assess the efficacy, a 4 scales system was adopted. RESULTS : The average propranolol treatment duration for the 23 patients was 7.8 months, the overall response was slight in 0 patient，moderate in 1 patients, good in 4 patients，and excellent in 18 patients. No serious adverse events were encountered.A second course of propranolol readily controlled the rebound growth of deep IH in 3 patients(13%). CONCLUSIONS : Propranolol yielded excellent results with very good clinical tolerance and also seems to be effective for IH rebound growth. The optimal duration of the treatment remains to be defined by long-term observation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical features of patients with familial gigantiform cementoma WANG Hong-wei, YANG Rong, HE Guang, ZHANG Chen-ping, QIN Xing-jun. 2015, 13 (6):  534-538.  Abstract ( 526 )   PURPOSE : To summarize the clinical features of patients with familial gigantiform cementoma (FGC). METHODS : We performed a retrospective study in a series of 11 patients. The hematology indicators, as well as the clinical and radiographic findings in different stages were analyzed. RESULTS : During initial onset, the lesions involved in the patients' jaws. CT scans showed multiple radiolucent swellings in the mandible and maxilla. The level of blood alkaline phosphatase was raised slightly. The bone mineral content was almost within normal limits. During rapid expansion, a marked enlargement of the masses with severe facial deformity and malocclusion was present. Patients always sustained multiple pathological long bone fractures. CT demonstrated multiple, expansile, mixed radiolucent-radiopaque masses in all four quadrants of their jaws. Patients had raised blood alkaline phosphatase and the bone mineral content decreased in this stage. During growth suppression phase, the lesions showed no apparent sign of increased expansion. CT scans revealed large radiolucent swellings. The blood alkaline phosphatase returned to normal range and the bone mineral content increased. CONCLUSIONS : In different phases, patients with FGC have special clinical characteristics. These features are extremely helpful in assessing the growth potential of FGC, as well as in formulating the treatment strategies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Severe complications of multi-space infections in head and neck region: A clinical study of 549 cases CAI Xie-yi, HUANG Lin-jian, JIANG Bin, ZHANG Wei-jie, Qian Wen-tao, LI Jie-yan, ZHANG Zhi-yuan, GUAN Xin, LIANG Xiang, ZHOU Long-nv, ZHU Jian. 2015, 13 (6):  539-544.  Abstract ( 509 )   PURPOSE : To assess the incidence and treatment outcomes of life-threatening complications of multi-space infections (LCMI) in head and neck. METHODS : We reviewed the medical records of a tertiary teaching hospital in Shanghai from February 2006 to July 2014. Patients with multi-space infections of head and neck were included in this study. Their demography, causes of infections, comorbidity, bacteriological studies, imaging studies, treatment regimens, life-threatening complications and outcomes were reviewed. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS : A total of 549 cases were included. LCMI was found in 66 patients (12.20%). Descending mediastinitis was the most frequent LCMI (n=37, 56.06%), followed by airway obstruction (n=27, 40.91%), pneumonia (n=12, 18.18%), pericarditis (n=6, 9.09%), intraorbital infection (n=2, 3.03%), multiple organ failure (n=2, 3.03%), intracranial infection (n=2, 3.03%), and sudden cardiac death (n=1, 1.52%). All LCMI patients underwent antibiotic therapy and facial and cervical incision and drainage. In addition, mediastinal drainage was performed for 33 patients with descending mediastinitis, and 27 patients with airway obstruction underwent tracheotomy or tracheal intubation. Twelve patients died during the treatment. Elder patients and patients with comorbidity were more likely to be accompanied with LCMI. CONCLUSIONS : Multi-space infections continue to cause life-threatening complications and significant morbidity in China. Descending mediastinitis is the most common LCMI. Airway obstruction is the most frequent cause of death. It is recommended that a prompt and aggressive surgical incision and drainage with antibiotic therapy managed by a multidisciplinary team are appropriate for multi-space infections, especially for LCMI. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reconstruction of jaw and oral mucosal defects with fibular osteomyofascial flap after oncological ablation FAN Song, WANG You-yuan, ZHANG Han-qing, LIN Zhao-yu, ZHONG Jiang-long, CHEN Wei-xiong, LI Qun-xing, YU Xing, LI Jin-song. 2015, 13 (6):  545-549.  Abstract ( 446 )   PURPOSE : The use of fibular osteomyocutaneous flaps is a widely accepted technique for soft and hard tissue reconstruction in oromaxillofacial region. However, soft tissue bulk, which covers alveolar regions by the skin paddle, is not qualified for dental rehabilitation. To achieve an ideal intraoral lining, we harvested the fibular osteomyofascial flap to avoid the commonly seen embarrassment caused by fibular osteomyocutaneous flap. METHODS : Between May 2012 and May 2014, 38 patients underwent reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible using an osteomyofascial free fibula flap following oncological ablation, while 33 patients underwent reconstruction using a traditional fibular osteomyocutaneous flap. Data including the patient’s age, cause and type of defects, size of the fascial(skin) flaps, number of debulking operations, complications at both the donor and recipient sites, and the dental rehabilitation were collected and analyzed. RESULTS : All fascial flaps survived and were remucosalized. None of the patients in the osteomyofascial group required an additional debulking operation, and 84% (32/38) of the patients had conventional dentures and showed good chewing function and cosmetic results. However, only 52%(17/33) of patients in the osteomyocutaneous group underwent definitive prosthesis placement while 10 patients required debulking before dental rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS : The fibular osteomyofascial flap, without hair-bearing but comfortable and good oral hygiene, yielded a more anatomic solution for oral mucosal defects, obviating the need for additional debulking and potentially reducing donor-site wound problems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Closed treatment of pediatric dislocated intracapsular condylar fractures with mandibular retrusion using orthodontic appliance TANG Yan-mei, XU Bin, NIE Ping, WANG Xiao-ling, XUE Xiao-chen, ZHU Min. 2015, 13 (6):  550-553.  Abstract ( 550 )   PURPOSE : To introduce a non-surgical method of treating pediatric dislocated condylar fracture associated with symphyseal fracture and malocclusion. METHODS : A nine-year-old boy was transferred to our hospital 15 days after injury. He was diagnosed as symphyseal fracture with bilateral dislocated condylar fracture, lower arch expansion and mandibular retrusion. Herbst appliance was designed and manufactured. Under general anesthesia, dislocated condyles and expanded dental arch were reduced manipulatively. The Herbst appliance was fitted as well. RESULTS : The Herbst appliance was removed 1 month after wearing. During follow-up period, bilateral fractured condyles healed and remodeled well. Normal occlusal relationship was regained as well as mandibular function. CONCLUTIONS: Herbst appliance was feasible in treating patients with mandibular retrusion resulting from intracapsular condylar fractures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical research on endoscopic-assisted resection of benign maxillofacial tumors ZHANG Da-ming, YANG Zhao-hui, WANG You-yuan, LIANG Qi-xiang, FAN Song, LIN Zhao-yu, CHEN Wei-liang, ZHANG Bin. 2015, 13 (6):  554-557.  Abstract ( 382 )   PURPOSE : To assess the reliability and usefulness of endoscopic-assisted resection of benign tumors in the maxillofacial region. METHODS : Eighteen benign tumors were located in the maxillofacial region. Among them, seven patients were males and eleven patients were females; the age of the patients ranged from 5 to 34 years (average 16.8 years). The sizes of tumors ranged from 1.7 cm×2.2 cm to 2.0 cm×3.2 cm. Endoscopic-assisted minimally invasive approaches were used for tumor resection. RESULTS : All tumors were successfully resected using an endoscopic-assisted technique. The operation time was 45-75 min while an estimated blood loss was about 6-15 mL(average 8.5 mL). The patients were followed up for 2-8 months, there was no recurrence, and postoperative facial appearance was good. CONCLUSIONS : Endoscopic-assisted resection of benign tumours of the maxillofacial region is a simple and safe technique that achieves excellent aesthetic results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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CT and MR imaging findings of intramuscular haemangioma in oral maxillofacial region GAO Wei-qing, ZHANG Chun-ye, ZHENG Jia-wei, TAO Xiao-feng, ZHU Ling. 2015, 13 (6):  558-562.  Abstract ( 720 )   PURPOSE :The aim of this study was to investigate CT and MR imaging findings of intramuscular haemangiomas(IHM) in oral and maxillofacial region and correlate them with the histopathological classifications. METHODS : Eighteen IHM in oral and maxillofacial region were treated from 2001 to 2013 in our hospital. All of them had CT and/or MRI scans before surgical procedures. Six patients had CT and 17 had MRI scans. Three were males and 15 were females, their age ranged from 5 to 57 years with a mean age of 33.4 years. RESULTS : CT and MRI showed that 6 patients had multi-muscular and 12 had single-muscular lesions. Predilection sites were masseter muscle (6 cases) and tongue (6 cases). Three cases had high-flow lesions on CT and MR images with type Ⅱ time-signal intensity curve (SI-time curve). They were classified histologically as capillary or mixed type. Fifteen cases had low-flow lesions with type Ⅰ SI-time curve, classified as cavernous type. Among them, four had phleboliths. CONCLUSIONS : Histological classifications of IHM can be determined based on CT and MR imaging findings and the types of SI-time curves. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of complications in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap GUO Jian, LI Si-yi. 2015, 13 (6):  563-566.  Abstract ( 354 )   PURPOSE : To investigate the main factors and preventive measures of complications in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction after tumor resection with pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps. METHODS : The clinical date of 78 cases with underwent pectoralis major myocutaneous flap procedures for immediate reconstruction of defects after resection of oral or maxillofacial malignant tumors from 2010 to 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS : Sixteen cases experienced a total of 29 complications for an overall complication rate of 20.51%. Fourteen cases had infection(17.65%) , nine had flap necrosis at different degree (11.54%), and 6 developed fistula(7.69%). CONCLUSIONS : The main influencing factors of complications included sex, age, systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension),flap injury and inadequate drainage. Strict selection of indication and elaborate surgical manipulation can reduce the complication rate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences in the training mode of oral and maxillofacial surgery postgraduates between China and USA FENG Hang, DUAN Yao, CHEN You-bai, XING Zai-chen, HongSheng Lin, ZHANG Hai-zhong, BU Rong-fa. 2015, 13 (6):  567-569.  Abstract ( 488 )   In order to provide references for oral and maxillofacial surgery postgraduates education, this study compared the differences in oral and maxillofacial surgery postgraduates education between China and the USA. The training mode of postgraduates was investigated, the similarities and differences were compared in respect of resource, educational system, teaching METHODS : and employment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of robot-assisted neck dissection ZHOU Shang-hui, ZHANG Chen-ping, LI Da-qing. 2015, 13 (6):  570-573.  Abstract ( 323 )   Robot-assisted surgery has become increasingly used due to its enhancement of visualization, precision, and articulation, compared with conventional minimally invasive techniques. In recent years, some surgeons have begun to conduct robot-assisted neck dissection, since neck dissection is one of the most classic surgeries in the area of head and neck surgery. This article introduced the current applications of robotic surgery, approaches of robot-assisted neck dissection, and discussed its limitations and prospect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sialolithiasis concomitant with mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the submandibular gland: a case report QU Wei-guo, SHENG Lan-lan, REN Ling, SU Ying-ying, DU Qi-tao, ZHANG Qian. 2015, 13 (6):  574-576.  Abstract ( 594 )   Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is one of the most common malignant salivary gland tumors, most occurs in parotid glands (about two-thirds), followed by palate, minor salivary glands (especially retromolar glands) and the submandibular gland. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurring in the submandibular gland with chronic inflammation caused by sialolithiasis is extremely rare. In this report, a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurring in the submandibular gland with chronic inflammation was presented, and the diagnosis and treatment were discussed. References | Related Articles | Metrics