Comparative biomechanical analysis of stress distribution in cylindrical, conical implants for maxillary anterior teeth under different occlusal conditions

doi:10.19438/j.cjoms.2025.05.003

Abstract

Abstract: PURPOSE: Through three-dimensional finite element analysis, this study explores the differences in stress distribution between cylindrical and conical implants used for restoring maxillary central incisors under three occlusion types (edge-to-edge, normal and deep overbite), aiming to provide a biomechanical basis for the selection of clinical treatment plans. METHODS: Three-dimensional maxillary models of the anterior region were constructed using CBCT data from healthy volunteers. Cylindrical and conical implant prototypes were designed in SolidWorks 2024. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed in ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 to simulate stress distribution patterns in implants, crowns, and surrounding bone tissues under the three occlusal conditions. RESULTS: Both implant types exhibited peak von Mises stresses concentrated at the abutment neck region, with cortical bone stress localized at the cervical area. Cylindrical implants demonstrated highest stress values under edge-to-edge occlusion (implant: 583.47 MPa, crown: 248.96 MPa, cortical bone: 697.42 MPa). Deep overbite caused significant crown stress elevation (341.25 MPa). Conical implants showed optimal stress distribution under normal occlusion (implant: 313.53 MPa, crown: 90.13 MPa, cortical bone: 154.47 MPa), though their cancellous bone stress stability was superior to cylindrical implants in deep overbite. Overall, conical implants demonstrated better stress distribution capability under normal occlusion, while cylindrical implants exhibited higher crown fracture risk in deep overbite scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: Implant geometry and occlusal type significantly influence biomechanical performance. The conical implant's root-analog design effectively reduces cervical bone interface stress under normal occlusion, making it preferable for aesthetic zone restorations. Cylindrical implants, despite their simpler structure, require cautious selection and occlusal adjustment in deep overbite cases. Clinical protocols should implement individualized implantation strategies based on occlusal classification to optimize long-term prognosis.

Key words: Maxillary anterior implant, Three-dimensional finite element analysis, Occlusal pattern, Stress distribution, Biomechanical performance

CLC Number:

R782.1

Guo Wendi, Wang Xing. Comparative biomechanical analysis of stress distribution in cylindrical, conical implants for maxillary anterior teeth under different occlusal conditions[J]. China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2025, 23(5): 442-449.

References

[1] 董林娜. 不同上部形态设计基台修复后牙种植单冠应力分布的三维有限元分析[D]. 济南:山东大学, 2021.
Dong LN.Three-dimensional finite element analysis on the stress distribution of posterior implant-supported single crown with different conformation designed abutment[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2021.
[2] 夏昭鑫, 高亦辰, 邓雨瑶, 等. 不同材料种植体修复单颗上前牙缺失的三维有限元分析[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2025, 29(22): 4687-4693.
Xia ZX, Gao YC, Deng YY, et al.Three-dimensional finite element analysis of different material implants for replacing single missing anterior tooth[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025, 29(22): 4687-4693.
[3] 代慧娟, 王钊鑫, 白布加甫·叶力思, 等. 三种咬合关系中树脂陶瓷冠和二氧化锆全瓷冠种植修复的生物力学差异[J]. 中国组织工程研究, 2024, 28(5): 657-663.
Dai HJ, Wang ZX, Baibujiafu Y, et al.Biomechanical difference between resin ceramic crown and zirconia all-ceramic crown implant restorations in three occlusal relationships[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2024, 28(5): 657-663.
[4] Sun X, Cheng K, Liu Y, et al.Biomechanical comparison of all-on-4 and all-on-5 implant-supported prostheses with alteration of anterior-posterior spread: a three-dimensional finite element analysis[J]. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2023, 11:1187504.
[5] Andrews WA.The straight-wire appliance: individualization versus customization[J]. J World Fed Orthod, 2023, 12(4): 166-172.
[6] Rilo B, da Silva JL, Mora MJ, et al. Guidelines for occlusion strategy in implant-borne prostheses. a review[J]. Int Dent J, 2008, 58(3):139-145.
[7] Singh V, Bhagol A, Ashwin V.Controversies in the dental implant treatment planning for anterior maxillary aesthetic zone - a review[J]. Natl J Maxillofac Surg, 2023, 14(1): 3-8.
[8] Sauvin G, Nurdin N, Bischof M, et al.Assessment and aesthetic impact of a long-term vertical discrepancy between the single anterior maxillary implant-supported crown and adjacent teeth: a retrospective cross-sectional study[J]. Clin Exp Dent Res, 2022, 8(5): 1109-1116.
[9] Deste Gökay G, Gökçimen G, Oyar P, et al.Comparison of fatigue lifetime of new generation CAD/CAM crown materials on zirconia and titanium abutments in implant-supported crowns: a 3D finite element analysis[J]. Biomed Tech (Berl), 2024, 69(6): 575-584.
[10] Martinello PA, Cartagena-Molina AF, Capelletti LK, et al.Adding mechanobiological cell features to finite element analysis of an immediately loaded dental implant[J]. Eur J Oral Sci, 2024, 132(4): e12992.
[11] Wood PF, da Costa Fernandes CJ, de Almeida GS, et al. The action of angiocrine molecules sourced from mechanotransduction-related endothelial cell partially explain the successful of titanium in osseointegration[J]. J Funct Biomater, 2023, 14(8): 415.
[12] 侯小峰, 贺会平. 上颌前牙区即刻种植即刻修复对患者临床疗效及咀嚼功能的影响[J]. 贵州医药, 2023, 47(8): 1266-1267.
Hou XF, He HP.The effect of immediate implantation and immediate restoration in the maxillary anterior region on clinical outcomes and masticatory function in patients[J]. Guizhou Medical Journal, 2023, 47(8): 1266-1267.
[13] Mhatre S, Gupta R, Vaz M, et al.Achieving predictable esthetics with early implant placement and soft tissue modeling: a case report and literature review[J]. Cureus, 2024, 16(7): e64549.
[14] Zaninovich M, Drago C.Prosthodontic criteria for maxillary immediate occlusal loading, surgical classifications of atrophic maxillae, and presentation of a new implant/anatomic classification system for immediate maxillary rehabilitation[J]. J Prosthodont, 2024:1-11.
[15] Koppaka R, Ahmed N, Echhpal UR.Evaluation of the long-term success and patient-related outcomes of zygomatic implants in atrophic maxillary ridges[J]. Cureus, 2024,16(7): e64280.
[16] Kaplansky IV, Kurtzman GM.Implant placement when an impacted tooth and supernumerary teeth are present in the maxilla[J]. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 2024, 45(4): e1-e4.
[17] Quispe-López N, Guadilla Y, Gómez-Polo C, et al.The influence of implant depth, abutment height and mucosal phenotype on peri-implant bone levels: a 2-year clinical trial[J]. J Dent, 2024, 148: 105264.
[18] Ediboglu E, Akdeniz SS, Beyler E.Biomechanical effects of titanium and carbon fiber reinforced PEEK as dental implant material: a finite element analysis[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 2024, 40(1): 33-39.
[19] 赵冰净, 王宏, 刘昌奎, 等. 前牙根形种植体与螺纹种植体的应力分布比较[J]. 北京口腔医学, 2021, 29(2): 74-78.
Zhao BJ, Wang H, Liu CK, et al.A finite element analysis of root-analogue implant and thread implant[J]. Beijing Journal of Stomatology, 2021, 29(2): 74-78.
[20] 张永丽. 四种不同形状种植体应力分布比较的三维有限元分析[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2003.
Zhang YL.The comparison of the stress distribution of the four dental implants in different shapes by 3-dimensional finite element method[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2003.
[21] Mailath G, Stoiber B, Watzek G, et al.Bone resorption at the entry of osseointegrated implants-a biomechanical phenomenon. finite element study[J]. Z Stomatol, 1989, 86(4): 207-216.
[22] 朱岩峰, 陈伟辉, 陈舟. 上中切牙种植修复后3种受载应力分布的有限元分析[J]. 福建医科大学学报, 2015, 49(2): 127-130.
Zhu YF, Chen WH, Chen Z.Finite element analysis of stress distribution under three loading conditions in maxillary central incisors after dental implant restoration[J]. Journal of Fujian Medical University, 2015, 49(2): 127-130.
[23] 陈菊仙, 张蕊. 天然上颌中切牙与种植体应力规律的三维有限元分析[J]. 中外医学研究, 2018, 16(7): 67-69.
Chen JX, Zhang R.Three-dimensional finite element analysis of stress distribution patterns in natural maxillary central incisors and dental implants[J]. Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2018, 16(7): 67-69.
[24] Liu Y, Rath B, Tingart M, et al.Role of implants surface modification in osseointegration: a systematic review[J]. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2020, 108(3): 470-484.
[25] Mitra D, Gurav P, Rodrigues S, et al.Evaluation of stress distribution in and around dental implants using three different implant-abutment interfaces with platform-switched and non-platform-switched abutments: a three-dimensional finite element analysis[J]. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects, 2023, 17(4): 256-264.
[26] Samieirad S, Mianbandi V, Shiezadeh F, et al.Tapered versus cylindrical implant: which shape inflicts less pain after dental implant surgery? a clinical trial[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2019, 77(7): 1381-1388.
[27] Do TA, Le HS, Shen YW, et al.Risk factors related to late failure of dental implant-a systematic review of recent studies[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020, 17(11): 3931.
[28] Bayraktar HH, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, et al.Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue[J]. J Biomech, 2004, 37(1): 27-35.
[29] Gisotti M, Lops D, Valente NA.Esthetic management of space and soft tissue deficiencies in implant therapy: combined orthodontic-mucogingival approach[J]. Int J Esthet Dent, 2022, 17(1): 42-56.
[30] Gupta S, Sabharwal R, Nazeer J, et al.Platform switching technique and crestal bone loss around the dental implants: a systematic review[J]. Ann Afr Med, 2019, 18(1): 1-6.
[31] Lovatto ST, Bassani R, Sarkis-Onofre R, et al.Influence of different implant geometry in clinical longevity and maintenance of marginal bone: a systematic review[J]. J Prosthodont, 2019, 28(2): e713-e721.
[32] Song K, Wang Z, Lan J, et al.Porous structure design and mechanical behavior analysis based on TPMS for customized root analogue implant[J]. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2021, 115:104222.
[33] 邓引昕, 马攀. 不同尖端形态的种植体在上颌窦底黏膜不同剥离范围时窦底黏膜的生物力学分析[J]. 口腔颌面修复学杂志, 2022, 23(4): 262-266, 309.
Deng YX, Ma P.Biomechanical analysis of maxillary sinus floor membrane during internal sinus floor elevation which was performed in different areas of sinus membrane dissection of implants with different tip shapes[J]. Chinese Journal of Prosthodontics, 2022, 23(4):262-266, 309.
[34] Fernandes D, Cavaco F, Freitas F, et al.Primary stability of zirconia dental implants with cylindrical and tapered designs across varying bone densities: an in vitro evaluation[J]. Dent J (Basel), 2024, 12(11): 356.
[35] Shah SD, Zheng F, Seghi RR, et al.Strength of titanium-zirconium alloy implants with a conical connection after implantoplasty[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2024, 132(3): 593-599.
[36] Wu H, Chen X, Kong L, et al.Mechanical and biological properties of titanium and its alloys for oral implant with preparation techniques: a review[J]. Materials (Basel), 2023, 16(21): 6860.
[37] Chopra D, Guo T, Gulati K, et al.Load, unload and repeat: understanding the mechanical characteristics of zirconia in dentistry[J]. Dent Mater, 2024, 40(1):e1-e17.
[38] Rodrigues VVM, Faé DS, Rosa CDDRD, et al.Is the clinical performance of internal conical connection better than internal non-conical connection for implant-supported restorations? a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. J Prosthodont, 2023, 32(5): 382-391.