Abstract: Vascular malformations (VMs) refer to a cluster of vascular structural anomalies arising from defects during embryonic vascular development. These abnormalities are typically present at birth or shortly postnatally, while some may remain latent and manifest in later life. As VMs involve multiple systemic organs and present considerable therapeutic challenges, they severely compromise patients' quality of life. Conventional therapeutic modalities include surgical resection, sclerotherapy, laser therapy, interventional embolization, and pharmacotherapy. In recent years, with the advancement of molecular biology research, targeted therapy for the pathogenesis of vascular malformations has become a research hotspot. In particular, targeted drugs against the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway have demonstrated promising therapeutic prospects in clinical studies. The implementation of combined treatment strategies, multidisciplinary team (MDT) collaboration models, and individualized therapeutic regimens has further offered novel perspectives and approaches for VM management. Additionally, the evolution of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, radiofrequency ablation, and gene therapy has ushered in new hope for the treatment of VMs.

Key words: Vascular Malformations, Targeted therapy, Signaling pathways, Emerging therapeutic technologies