[1] Bowers RE, Graham EA, Tomlinson KM.The natural history of the strawberry nevus[J]. Arch Dermatol, 1960, 82(5): 667-680. [2] Bauland CG, Luning TH, Smit JM, et al.Untreated hemangiomas: growth pattern and residual lesions[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2011, 127(4): 1643-1648. [3] Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Frieden IJ.Hemangiomas in children[J]. N Engl J Med, 1999, 341(3): 173-181. [4] Goelz R, Poets CF.Incidence and treatment of infantile haemangioma in preterm infants[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2015, 100(1): F85-91. [5] Li J, Chen X, Zhao S, et al.Demographic and clinical characteristics and risk factors for infantile hemangioma: a Chinese case-control study[J]. Arch Dermatol, 2011, 147(9): 1049-1056. [6] Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, et al.Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: demographic, prenatal, and perinatal characteristics[J]. J Pediatr, 2007, 150(3): 291-294. [7] Cheng CE, Friedlander SF.Infantile hemangiomas, complications and treatments[J]. Semin Cutan Med Surg, 2016, 35(3): 108-116. [8] Léauté-Labrèze C, Dumas De La Roque E, Hubiche T, et al. Propranolol for severe hemangiomas of infancy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2008, 358(24): 2649-2651. [9] Izadpanah A, Izadpanah A, Kanevsky J, et al.Propranolol versus corticosteroids in the treatment of infantile hemangioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2013, 131(3): 601-613. [10] Peppiatt CM, Howarth C, Mobbs P, et al.Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes[J]. Nature, 2006, 443(7112): 700-704. [11] Hermann C, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S.Shear stress inhibits H2O2-induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells by modulation of the glutathione redox cycle and nitric oxide synthase[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997, 17(12): 3588-3592. [12] Dimmeler S, Haendeler J, Rippmann V, et al.Shear stress inhibits apoptosis of human endothelial cells[J]. FEBS Lett, 1996, 399(1-2): 71-74. [13] Wang X, Fang X, Zhou J, et al.Shear stress activation of nuclear receptor PXR in endothelial detoxification[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013, 110(32): 13174-13179. [14] Dela Paz NG, Walshe TE, Leach LL, et al.Role of shear-stress-induced VEGF expression in endothelial cell survival[J]. J Cell Sci, 2012, 125(Pt 4): 831-843. [15] Walshe TE, Dela Paz NG, D'amore PA. The role of shear-induced transforming growth factor-beta signaling in the endothelium[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2013, 33(11): 2608-2617. [16] Wong A, Hardy KL, Kitajewski AM, et al.Propranolol accelerates adipogenesis in hemangioma stem cells and causes apoptosis of hemangioma endothelial cells[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 130(5): 1012-1021. [17] Kum JJ, Khan ZA.Propranolol inhibits growth of hemangioma-initiating cells but does not induce apoptosis[J]. Pediatr Res, 2014, 75(3): 381-388. [18] Madden KS, Szpunar MJ, Brown EB.Beta-Adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) regulate VEGF and IL-6 production by divergent pathways in high beta-AR-expressing breast cancer cell lines[J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011, 130(3): 747-758. [19] Iwata J, Sonobe H, Furihata M, et al.High frequency of apoptosis in infantile capillary haemangioma[J]. J Pathol, 1996, 179(4): 403-408. [20] Mancini AJ, Smoller BR.Proliferation and apoptosis within juvenile capillary hemangiomas[J]. Am J Dermatopathol, 1996, 18(5): 505-514. [21] Ji Y, Li K, Xiao X, et al.Effects of propranolol on the proliferation and apoptosis of hemangioma-derived endothelial cells[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2012, 47(12): 2216-2223. [22] Chim H, Armijo BS, Miller E, et al.Propranolol induces regression of hemangioma cells through HIF-1alpha-mediated inhibition of VEGF-A[J]. Ann Surg, 2012, 256(1): 146-156. [23] Tu JB, Ma RZ, Dong Q, et al.Induction of apoptosis in infantile hemangioma endothelial cells by propranolol[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2013, 6(2): 574-578. [24] Ji Y, Chen S, Xu C, et al.The use of propranolol in the treatment of infantile haemangiomas: an update on potential mechanisms of action[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2015, 172(1): 24-32. [25] Wedgeworth E, Glover M, Irvine AD, et al.Propranolol in the treatment of infantile haemangiomas: lessons from the European Propranolol In the Treatment of Complicated Haemangiomas (PITCH) Taskforce survey[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2016, 174(3): 594-601. [26] Kunzi-Rapp K.Topical propranolol therapy for infantile hemangiomas[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2012, 29(2): 154-159. [27] Wang L, Xia Y, Zhai Y, et al.Topical propranolol hydrochloride gel for superficial infantile hemangiomas[J]. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, 2012, 32(6): 923-926. [28] Xu G, Lv R, Zhao Z, et al.Topical propranolol for treatment of superficial infantile hemangiomas[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2012, 67(6): 1210-1213. [29] Price A, Rai S, Mcleod RWJ, et al.Topical propranolol for infantile haemangiomas: a systematic review[J]. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2018, 32(12): 2083-2089. [30] Guo S, Ni N.Topical treatment for capillary hemangioma of the eyelid using beta-blocker solution[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2010, 128(2): 255-256. [31] Khan M, Boyce A, Prieto-Merino D, et al.The role of topical timolol in the treatment of infantile hemangiomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Acta Derm Venereol, 2017, 97(10): 1167-1171. [32] Püttgen K, Lucky A, Adams D, et al.Topical timolol maleate treatment of infantile hemangiomas[J]. Pediatrics, 2016, 138(3): e20160355. [33] Khunger N, Pahwa M.Dramatic response to topical timolol lotion of a large hemifacial infantile haemangioma associated with PHACE syndrome[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2011, 164(4): 886-888. [34] Frommelt P, Juern A, Siegel D, et al.Adverse events in young and preterm infants receiving topical timolol for infantile hemangioma[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2016, 33(4): 405-414. [35] Hoeger PH, Harper JI, Baselga E, et al.Treatment of infantile haemangiomas: recommendations of a European expert group[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2015, 174(7): 855-865. [36] Ovadia SA, Landy DC, Cohen ER, et al.Local administration of beta-blockers for infantile hemangiomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ann Plast Surg, 2015, 74(2): 256-262. [37] Chambers CB, Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA, et al.A controlled study of topical 0.25% timolol maleate gel for the treatment of cutaneous infantile capillary hemangiomas[J]. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012, 28(2): 103-106. [38] Chakkittakandiyil A, Phillips R, Frieden IJ, et al.Timolol maleate 0.5% or 0.1% gel-forming solution for infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective, multicenter, cohort study[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2012, 29(1): 28-31. [39] Zhou W, He S, Yang Y, et al.Formulation, characterization and clinical evaluation of propranolol hydrochloride gel for transdermal treatment of superficial infantile hemangioma[J]. Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2015, 41(7): 1109-1119. [40] Shedden AH, Laurence J, Barrish A, et al.Plasma timolol concentrations of timolol maleate: timolol gel-forming solution (TIMOPTIC-XE) once daily versus timolol maleate ophthalmic solution twice daily[J]. Doc Ophthalmol, 2001, 103(1): 73-79. [41] Mcmahon P, Oza V, Frieden IJ.Topical timolol for infantile hemangiomas: putting a note of caution in "cautiously optimistic"[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2012, 29(1): 127-130. [42] Borok J, Gangar P, Admani S, et al.Safety and efficacy of topical timolol treatment of infantile haemangioma: a prospective trial[J]. Br J Dermatol, 2018, 178(1): e51-e52. [43] Pope E, Chakkittakandiyil A.Topical timolol gel for infantile hemangiomas: a pilot study[J]. Arch Dermatol, 2010, 146(5): 564-565. [44] Chan H, Mckay C, Adams S, et al.RCT of timolol maleate gel for superficial infantile hemangiomas in 5- to 24-week-olds[J]. Pediatrics, 2013, 131(6): e1739-1747. [45] Dalla Costa R, Prindaville B.Doing the math: A simple approach to topical timolol dosing for infantile hemangiomas[J]. 2018, 35(2): 276-277. |