[1] Wassef M, Blei F, Adams D, et al.Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies[J]. Pediatrics, 2015,136(1): e203-e214. [2] Gallant SC, Chewning RH, Orbach DB, et al.Contemporary management of vascular anomalies of the head and neck-part 1: vascular malformations: a review[J]. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2021, 147(2): 197-206. [3] Dorrity J, Mack J, Wong K, et al.Multimodality treatment of vascular anomalies of the head and neck[J]. J Oral Pathol Med, 2022, 51(10): 860-871. [4] Du Z, Liu JL, You YH, et al. Genetic landscape of common venous malformations in the head and neck[J]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2021, 9(4): 1007-1016.e7. [5] Brahmbhatt AN, Skalski KA, Bhatt AA.Vascular lesions of the head and neck: an update on classification and imaging review[J]. Insights Imaging, 2020,11(1):19-36. [6] 张志愿, 王延安, 郑家伟, 等. 头颈部脉管性疾病的诊断与治疗[J]. 上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2012, 32(9): 1258-1263. Zhang ZY, Wang YA, Zheng JW, et al.Diagnosis and treatment for vascular anomalies in the head and neck region[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Med Edition), 2012, 32(9): 1258-1263. [7] Ramakrishnan K, Palanivel I, Narayanan V, et al.Management of vascular malformations in the oral and maxillofacial region: a systematic review[J]. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2021, 122(6): 588-599. [8] Nguyen HL, Bonadurer GF 3rd, Tollefson MM. Vascular malformations and health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Dermatol, 2018, 154(6): 661-669. [9] Waner M, O TM. The role of surgery in the management of congenital vascular anomalies[J]. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 2013, 16(1): 45-50. [10] Bertino F, Trofimova AV, Gilyard SN, et al.Vascular anomalies of the head and neck: diagnosis and treatment[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2021,51(7): 1162-1184. [11] Léauté-Labrèze C, Hoeger P, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, et al.A randomized, controlled trial of oral propranolol in infantile hemangioma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(8): 735-746. [12] Klosterman T, O TM. The Management of vascular malformations of the airway: natural history, investigations, medical, surgical and radiological management[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2018, 51(1): 213-223. [13] Patel NA, Bonilla-Velez J, Rosenberg TL, et al.American society of pediatric otolaryngology vascular anomalies task force review of tongue venous malformations: techniques, pearls, and pitfalls[J]. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2023,167: 111497. [14] Sun Y, Jiang H, Zhu Y.Airway rescue with an esophageal airway in a child with a huge venous malformation in oral and maxillofacial region-a case report[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2009, 19(6): 633-635. [15] 胡敬利, 焦宏梅, 史斌, 等. 累及咽峡区的颌面颈部静脉畸形患者围术期的气道管理[J]. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2019, 39(3): 353-356. Hu JL, Jiao HM, Shi B, et al.Perioperative airway management in patients with maxillofacial and cervical venous malformation involving isthmus faucium area[J]. Chinese Journal of Anesthesilolgy, 2019, 39(3): 353-356. [16] 刘学键, 秦中平, 邰茂众, 等. 并发呼吸道梗阻的小儿脉管畸形的综合治疗[J]. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2010,45(1):32-37. Liu XJ, Qin ZP, Tai MZ, et al.Treatment of infantile vascular malformations associated with airway obstruction[J]. Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2010, 45(1): 32-37. [17] 温明哲, 杨西涛, 王德明, 等. 无水乙醇硬化治疗联合气管切开术对累及气道的头颈部静脉畸形的疗效[J]. 血管与腔内血管外科杂志, 2021,7(11):1314-1318,1328. Wen MZ, Yang XT, Wang DM, et al.Effect of absolute ethanol sclerotherapy combined with tracheotomy for treatment of head and neck venous malformations involving airway[J]. Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 2021, 7(11): 1314-1318,1328. [18] Léauté-Labrèze C, Harper JI, Hoeger PH.Infantile haemangioma[J]. Lancet, 2017,390(10089): 85-94. [19] Ren N, Jin CS, Zhao XQ, et al.Preterm neonate with a large congenital hemangioma on maxillofacial site causing thrombocytopenia and heart failure: a case report[J]. World J Clin Cases, 2022, 10(17): 5756-5763. [20] Rodríguez Bandera AI, Sebaratnam DF, Wargon O, et al.Infantile hemangioma. part 1: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and assessment[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2021, 85(6): 1379-1392. [21] Hung JW, Leung MW, Liu CS, et al.Venous malformation and localized intravascular coagulopathy in children[J]. Eur J Pediatr Surg, 2017, 27(2): 181-184. [22] Go H, Nagano N, Sumi K, et al.Intracranial hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency in an infant with arteriovenous malformation[J]. Pediatr Int, 2022, 64(1): e15238. [23] Dharmarajan H, McCoy JL, Jabbour N, et al. Peri-procedural anticoagulation in patients with head and neck versus extremity venous malformations[J]. Laryngoscope, 2021, 131(5): 1163-1167. [24] 李克雷, 秦中平, 刘学键, 等. 血管瘤和血管畸形伴发血小板减少综合征13例分析[J]. 上海口腔医学, 2005,14(2):108-112. Li KL, Qin ZP, Liu XJ, et al.Clinical analysis of 13 cases of hemangioma and vascular malformation associated with thrombopenia[J].Shanghai Journal of Stomatology, 2005, 14(2): 108-112. [25] 邰茂众, 周善良, 李克雷, 等. 静脉畸形患者围术期D二聚体、纤维蛋白原的动态变化及临床意义[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2014,12(4):351-355. Tai MZ, Zhou SL, Li KL, et al.Dynamic changes and clinical significance of D-dimer and fibrinogen in patients with malformations around perioperative period[J].China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2014,12(4): 351-355. [26] Igarashi A, Hata I, Yuasa M, et al.A case of an infant with extremely low birth weight and hypothyroidism associated with massive cutaneous infantile hemangioma[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 31(12): 1377-1380. [27] Yeom S, Comi AM.Updates on Sturge-Weber syndrome[J]. Stroke, 2022, 53(12): 3769-3779. [28] Colletti G, Biglioli F, Poli T, et al.Vascular malformations of the orbit (lymphatic, venous, arteriovenous): diagnosis, management and results[J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2019, 47(5): 726-740. [29] Abou-Al-Shaar H, Gozal YM, Hunt JP, et al. Multifocal cavernous hemangioma of the jugular foramen: a rare skull base vascular malformation[J]. J Neurosurg, 2018,131(1): 109-113. [30] Martin EC, Vu WN, Kuan EC, et al.Resection of an oropharyngeal venous malformation[J]. Am J Otolaryngol, 2023, 44(2): 103784. [31] Zhang X, Zhao X, Wu P, et al.Prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among patients with oromaxillofacial venous malformations[J]. Ann Palliat Med, 2021,10(8): 8642-8650. [32] 郑家伟, 王绪凯, 秦中平,等. 口服普萘洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤中国专家共识(2022版)[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2022, 20(4): 313-319. Zheng JW, Wang XK, Qin ZP, et al.Chinese experts consensus on the use of oral propranolol for treatment of infantile hemangiomas(version 2022)[J]. China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2022, 20(4): 313-319. [33] 郑家伟, 王绪凯, 江成鸿,等. 外用马来酸噻吗洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤中国专家共识[J]. 上海口腔医学,2016,25(6): 744-747. Zheng JW, Wang XK, Jiang CH, et al.Chinese expert consensus on the use of topical timolol maleate treatment of infantile hemangiomas[J].Shanghai Journal of Stomatology, 2016,25(6): 744-747. [34] 中华口腔医学会口腔颌面外科专业委员会脉管性疾病学组. 聚桂醇硬化剂治疗口腔颌面部血管瘤和脉管畸形专家共识[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2018,16(3): 275-278. Vascular Diseases Group, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Committee, Chinese Stomatological Association. Expert consensus on the treatment of oral and maxillofacial hemangiomas and vascular malformations by lauromacrogol sclerotherapy[J].China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2018, 16(3): 275-278. [35] Beqo BP, Gasparella P, Flucher C, et al.Indications for surgical resection of complicated infantile hemangiomas in the β-blocker's era: a single-institution experience from a retrospective cohort study[J]. Int J Surg, 2023,109(4): 829-840. [36] Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, et al.Clinical practice guideline for the management of infantile hemangiomas[J]. Pediatrics, 2019, 143(1): e20183475. [37] Baselga Torres E, Bernabéu Wittel J, van Esso Arbolave DL, et al. Spanish consensus on infantile haemangioma[J]. An Pediatr (Barc), 2016,85(5): 256-265. [38] Hoeger PH, Harper JI, Baselga E, et al.Treatment of infantile haemangiomas: recommendations of a European expert group[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2015, 174(7): 855-865. [39] Zheng JW, Zhang L, Zhou Q, et al.A practical guide to treatment of infantile hemangiomas of the head and neck[J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2013, 6(10): 851-860. [40] Goldenberg DC, Hiraki PY, Marques TM, et al.Surgical treatment of facial infantile hemangiomas: an analysis based on tumor characteristics and outcomes[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016, 137(4): 1221-1231. [41] 陈伟良, 杨朝晖, 李劲松,等. 儿童口腔颌面部大面积血管瘤整形手术治疗[J]. 中华整形外科杂志, 2005, 21(6): 461-463. Chen WL, Yang ZH, Li JS, et al.Surgical treatment of large area hemangioma in oral and maxillofacial region of children[J]. General Journal of Stomatology, 2005, 21(6): 461-463. [42] Wang JY, Ighani A, Ayala AP, et al.Medical, surgical, and wound care management of ulcerated infantile hemangiomas: a systematic review[J]. J Cutan Med Surg, 2018, 22(5): 495-504. [43] Men CJ, Ediriwickrema LS, Paik JS, et al.Surgical intervention of periocular infantile hemangiomas in the era of β-blockers[J]. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 2020, 36(1): 70-73. [44] Cheng J, Liu B, Lee HJ.Outcomes of surgical treatment for hemangiomas[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2019, 36(2): 207-212. [45] He J, Zhang C, Wang Y.Infant fibrolipoma mimicking hemangioma in neck region[J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2015, 26(8): e690-e691. [46] He J, Zhu H, Zhang C, et al.Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the differential diagnosis of vascular anomalies from other lesions in the head and neck region[J]. Phlebology, 2017, 32(1): 34-42. [47] Pope E, Lara-Corrales I, Sibbald C, et al.Noninferiority and safety of nadolol vs propranolol in infants with infantile hemangioma: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2022,176(1): 34-41. [48] Baselga E, Roe E, Coulie J, et al.Risk factors for degree and type of sequelae after involution of untreated hemangiomas of infancy[J]. JAMA Dermatol, 2016, 152(11): 1239-1243. [49] Nomura T, Nakasone M, Okamoto T, et al.Use of dermal fat grafts for treating anetoderma with lipoatrophy following involution of hemangiomas[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2020, 37(4): 776-779. [50] 陈宣锋, 张世仁, 常雷, 等. 婴幼儿血管瘤消退后远期纤维脂肪残余及皮肤质地改变[J]. 实用医院临床杂志, 2019, 16(6): 20-23. Chen XF, Zhang SR, Chang L, et al.Long term changes of fiber fat residue and skin texture after the disappearance of infantile hemangioma[J].Practical Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2019,16(6): 20-23. [51] Fernández Faith E, Shah S, Witman PM, et al.Clinical features, prognostic factors, and treatment interventions for ulceration in patients with infantile hemangioma[J]. JAMA Dermatol, 2021, 157(5): 566-572. [52] 高阳, 胡晓洁, 林晓曦, 等. 唇部婴幼儿血管瘤溃疡后继发唇裂的临床特征及治疗策略[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志, 2016, 12(2):124-127. Gao Y, Hu XJ, Lin XX, et al.Clinical features and treatment strategies of secondary cleft lip resulting from ulcerated hemangiomas[J]. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery, 2016, 12(2): 124-127. [53] Low CM, Stokken JK.Typical orbital pathologies: hemangioma[J]. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base, 2021, 82(1): 20-26. [54] Chen WL, Lan YQ, Hong L, et al.Comprehensive management of infantile hemangiomas involving the periorbital region[J]. Ann Plast Surg, 2022, 89(4): 391-394. [55] Darrow DH.Management of infantile hemangiomas of the airway[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2018, 51(1): 133-146. [56] Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao J, et al.Transposition mucosal flap combined with autologous fat transplantation to repair lip defects caused by sclerotherapy of hemangioma[J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2022, 33(4): 1023-1027. [57] Cawthorn TR, Fraulin F, Harrop AR.Infantile hemangiomas of the lip: complications and need for surgical intervention[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2019,7(6): e2308. [58] Costa VA, Haimowitz R, Cheng YI, et al.Social impact of facial infantile hemangiomas in preteen children[J]. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2016,142(1): 13-19. [59] 胡秀启, 秦中平, 李为路, 等. 上唇血管瘤硬化剂注射治疗继发缺损的修复[J]. 中华整形外科杂志, 2004, 20(1): 75-75. Hu XQ, Qin ZP, Li WL, et al.Repair of secondary defect in hemangioma of upper lip treated with sclerotherapy injection[J]. Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery and Burns, 2004, 20(1): 75-75. [60] 李克雷, 姚伟, 秦中平, 等. Kasabach-Merritt现象诊断与治疗中国专家共识[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2019,17(2): 97-105. Li KL, Yao W, Qin ZP, et al.Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon[J]. China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2019, 17(2): 97-105. [61] 王延安, 范新东, 郑家伟, 等. 经皮穿刺DSA引导下无水乙醇硬化治疗头颈部静脉畸形[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2009, 7(2): 102-105. Wang YA, Fan XD, Zheng JW, et al.Sclerotherapy of venous malformation in the head and neck region with absolute ethanol under the guide of DSA[J].China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2009, 7(2): 102-105. [62] Wang YA, Zheng JW, Zhu HG, et al.Sclerotherapy of voluminous venous malformation in head and neck with absolute ethanol under digital subtraction angiography guidance[J]. Phlebology, 2010,25(3): 138-144. [63] 中华医学会整形外科分会血管瘤和脉管畸形学组. 血管瘤和脉管畸形的诊断及治疗指南(2019版)[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志, 2019,15(5):277-317. Hemangioma and Vascular teratology Group, Plastic Surgery Branch, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hemangiomas and vascular malformations (2019 edition)[J]. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery, 2019, 15(5): 277-317. [64] Persky MS, Yoo HJ, Berenstein A.Management of vascular malformations of the mandible and maxilla[J]. Laryngoscope, 2003, 113(11): 1885-1892. [65] Zhu C, Zhu HG, Zhang ZY, et al.Intraosseous venous malformations of the facial bone: a retrospective study in 11 patients[J]. Phlebology, 2013, 28(5): 257-263. [66] 葛春晓, 邰茂众, 陈涛, 等. 累及咽峡区的颌面颈部静脉畸形143例治疗分析[J]. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2017,52(12): 909-914. Ge CX, Tai MZ, Chen T, et al.Treatment analyses of 143 patients with maxillofacial and cervical venous malformations involved in isthmus faucium area[J]. Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 2017, 52(12): 909-914. [67] De Castro DK, Ng ZY, Holzer PW, et al.One-stage supramaximal full-thickness wedge resection of vascular lip anomalies[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 75(11): 2449-2455. [68] Chen WL, Liao JK, Zhou B, et al.Comprehensive treatment of massive macroglossia due to venous and lymphatic malformations[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2020, 49(7): 874-881. [69] 秦中平, 李克雷, 刘学键. 颌面部静脉畸形的治疗[J]. 中国实用口腔科杂志, 2009,2(5): 261-264. Qin ZP, Li KL, Liu XJ.The treatment for maxillofacial venous malformation[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology, 2009, 2(5): 261-264. [70] Sun Y, Gu H, Yang X, et al.Spontaneous and dramatic improvements in open bite deformity secondary to large maxillofacial venous malformation with macroglossia after sclerotherapy and laser therapy[J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2020,31(2):530-533. [71] Aronniemi J, Castrén E, Lappalainen K, et al.Sclerotherapy complications of peripheral venous malformations[J]. Phlebology, 2016, 31(10): 712-722. [72] 王延安, 郑家伟, 张志愿, 等. 无水乙醇硬化治疗头颈部静脉畸形的并发症及其预防[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2009,7(5):389-391. Wang YA, Zheng JW, Zhang ZY, et al.Complications and prevention of ethanol sclerotherapy for venous malformation in head and neck[J]. China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2009, 7(5): 389-391. [73] Antúnez-Conde R, Navarro Cuéllar C, Salmerón Escobar JI, et al.Intraosseous venous malformation of the zygomatic bone: comparison between virtual surgical planning and standard surgery with review of the literature[J]. J Clin Med, 2021,10(19): 4565-4583. [74] 赵媛, 竺涵光, 苏立新, 等. 翻瓣激光联合平阳霉素注射治疗口腔颌面部静脉畸形36例报道[J]. 中国口腔颌面外科杂志, 2009, 7(4): 312-316. Zhao Y, Zhu HG, Su LX, et al.Laser irradiation after surgical exposure of the lesions combined with Pingyangmycin injection in the management of venous malformation in oral and maxillofacial region:Report of 36 cases[J]. China Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2009, 7(4): 312-316. [75] 李克雷, 张凤梅, 邰茂众, 等. 轴型颏下动脉颈阔肌筋膜瓣转移修复下面部静脉畸形硬化治疗后的凹陷[J]. 中华医学美学美容杂志, 2014, 20(6): 429-432. Li KL, Zhang FM, Tai MZ, et al.Repair of basifacial depressions induced by sclerotherapy for venous malformations with shifted axis platysma-fascial flap including submental artery[J].Chinese Journal of Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology, 2014, 20(6): 429-432. [76] Nair SC, Chawla JP, Shroff SS, et al.Corseting: a new technique for the management of diffuse venous malformations in the head and neck region[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018, 47(12): 1534-1540. [77] 侯劲松, 唐海阔, 汪淼, 等. 婴幼儿腮腺咬肌区静脉畸形的平阳霉素局部硬化治疗[J]. 中华口腔医学研究杂志(电子版), 2010, 4(2): 147-150. Hou JS, Tang HK, Wang M, et al.Sclerotherapy of infantile venous malformations located in parotid masseteric region with pinyangmycin[J]. Chinese Journal of Stomatology Research(Electronic Edition), 2010, 4(2): 147-150. [78] 王维, 林晓曦, 马刚, 等. 葡萄酒色斑增厚及结节形成的病理基础和临床意义[J]. 中华整形外科杂志, 2010,26(2):103-106. Wang W, Lin XX, Ma G, et al.The pathological characteristics and clinical significances of maturational change of port-wine stain[J]. Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2010, 26(2): 103-106. [79] Lee JW, Chung HY.Capillary malformations (portwine stains) of the head and neck: natural history, investigations, laser, and surgical management[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2018, 51(1): 197-211. [80] Qin ZP, Li KL, Ren L, et al.Photodynamic therapy of port wine stains-a report of 238 cases[J]. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2007, 4(1): 53-59. [81] Tark KC, Lew DH, Lee DW.The fate of long-standing port-wine stain and its surgical management[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2011,127(2): 784-791. [82] Zhou J, Qi Z, Jin X.Surgical correction for patients with port-wine stains and facial asymmetry[J]. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2020, 19(12): 3307-3314. [83] Dessy M, Colletti G, Dionisio A, et al.Surgical correction of hypertrophic upper lip in vascular malformations[J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2018, 46(10): 1790-1792. [84] Cerrati EW, O TM, Binetter D, et al. Surgical treatment of head and neck port-wine stains by means of a staged zonal approach[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014,134(5): 1003-1012. [85] 胡晓洁, 林晓曦, 金云波, 等. 扩张皮瓣在葡萄酒色斑切除术后面部轮廓重建中的应用[J]. 组织工程与重建外科杂志, 2010, 6(3): 155-158. Hu XJ, Lin XX, Jin YB, et al.Clinical application of expanded flap in facial contour correction after resection of port wine stains[J]. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Reconstructive Surgery, 2010, 6(3): 155-158. [86] Colletti G, Negrello S, Rozell-Shannon L, et al.Surgery for port-wine stains: a systematic review[J]. J Pers Med, 2023,13(7):1058-1069. [87] Kim Y, Oh SJ, Lee J, et al.Surgical treatment of dermatomal capillary malformations in the adult face[J]. Arch Plast Surg, 2012, 39(2): 126-129. [88] Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, et al.Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1998,102(3): 643-654. [89] Dawkins D, Motiwala M, Peterson J, et al.Head and neck arteriovenous malformations: University of Tennessee experience, 2012-2022[J]. Neurosurg Focus, 2022, 53(1):E17. [90] Rosenberg TL, Suen JY, Richter GT.Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck[J]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 2018, 51(1): 185-195. [91] Ciccarese F, Chauvel-Picard J, Guibaud L, et al.Management of intra-osseous arteriovenous malformations of the mandible[J]. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2022, 123(5): e544-e548. [92] 华晨, 金云波, 杨希, 等. 头面部动静脉畸形的治疗:根治性无水乙醇介入与手术的综合运用[J]. 中华整形外科杂志, 2020, 36(4):361-367. Hua C, Jin YB, Yang X, et al.Treatment of head and facial arteriovenous malformation with ethanol embolization and surgical resection[J]. Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2020, 36(4): 361-367. [93] Chung HY, O TM, Tombris S, et al. Reconstruction after ablative treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck[J]. J Oral Pathol Med, 2022, 51(10): 872-877. [94] Fujiki M, Ozaki M, Iwashina Y, et al.Clinical outcomes and recipient vessel selection for free flap transfer following arteriovenous malformation resection[J]. J Plast Surg Hand Surg, 2019, 53(1): 56-59. [95] Ferguson K, Wong K, DeHart AN, et al. Intraosseous resection of mandibular arteriovenous malformations: a mandible sparing multi-disciplinary case series[J]. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2023, 167: 111458. [96] Kaderbhai J, Breik O, Heggie AA, et al.High-flow paediatric mandibular arteriovenous malformations: case reports and a review of current management[J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2017, 46(12): 1650-1655. [97] Behnia H, Jafarian M, Dehghani N, et al.Comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation of a patient with maxillary arteriovenous malformation[J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2014, 25(5): e463-e467. [98] Qin Z, Li K, Ge C, et al.Extensive arteriovenous malformations in the extremities complicated by cardiac dysfunction[J]. Vasa, 2014,43(3): 225-228. [99] 邰茂众, 陈涛, 葛春晓, 等. "三明治"式唇病变切除成形术治疗动静脉畸形巨唇症疗效分析[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2022,102(23):1771-1774. Tai MZ, Chen T, Ge CX, et al.Treatment effects of sandwich-shaped resection and cheiloplasty applied in macrocheilia secondary to arteriovenous malformations[J]. National Medical Journal of China, 2022, 102(23): 1771-1774. [100] 杨希, 金云波, 华晨, 等. 眼周动静脉畸形:临床分型和治疗策略[J]. 中华整形外科杂志, 2020, 36(4): 368-374. Yang X, Jin YB, Hua C, et al.Periocular arteriovenous malformations:clinical classifications and treatment strategies[J]. Chinese Journal of Plastic Surgery,2020,36(4): 368-374. [101] Wu JK, Bisdorff A, Gelbert F, et al.Auricular arteriovenous malformation: evaluation, management, and outcome[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2005,115(4): 985-995. [102] 范新东, 郑家伟, 张志愿. 忌行供血动脉阻塞治疗颅面部动静脉畸形[J]. 上海口腔医学, 2008,17(2): 113-117. Fan XD, Zheng JW, Zhang ZY.Surgical ligation and occlusion of the feeding artery should not be used in management of arteriovenous malformations(AVMs) of the craniofacial regions[J]. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology,2008,17(2):113-117. [103] Pessanha I, Bravo M, Piedade C, et al.Complex lymphatic malformations in pediatrics: a review of treatment options[J]. Minerva Pediatr (Torino), 2022, 74(1): 70-80. [104] 郑家伟,秦中平, 张志愿. 口腔颌面部淋巴管畸形的治疗[J]. 上海口腔医学, 2005,14(6): 553-556. Zheng JW, Qin ZP, Zhang ZY.Management of lymphatic malformations in oral and maxillofacial regions: The rationale according to the new classification[J].Shanghai Journal of Stomatology,2005,14(6):553-556. [105] Bai Y, Jia J, Huang XX, et al.Sclerotherapy of microcystic lymphatic malformations in oral and facial regions[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2009,67(2): 251-256. [106] Wiegand S, Dietz A, Wichmann G.Efficacy of sirolimus in children with lymphatic malformations of the head and neck[J]. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2022, 279(8): 3801-3810. [107] 李克雷, 王玉平, 陈涛, 等. 舌微囊型淋巴管畸形分型及疗效的回顾性分析[J]. 中华口腔医学杂志, 2019,54(5): 303-308. Li KL, Wang YP, Chen T, et al.Retrospective analysis of classification and treatment of microcystic lymphatic malformations of tongue[J].Chinese Journal of Stomatology, 2019, 54(5): 303-308. [108] Khanwalkar A, Carter J, Bhushan B, et al.Thirty-day perioperative outcomes in resection of cervical lymphatic malformations[J]. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2018,106: 31-34. [109] Lee DH, Yoon TM, Lee JK, et al.Surgical treatment outcomes of head and neck lymphatic malformations in patients with a variety of ages and unusual sites[J]. J Craniofac Surg, 2016, 27(3): 602-604. [110] Bonilla-Velez J, Moore BP, Cleves MA, et al.Surgical resection of macrocystic lymphatic malformations of the head and neck: short and long-term outcomes[J]. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2020, 134: 110013. [111] 王颖, 陈佳瑞, 李晓艳. 儿童头颈颌面部复杂淋巴管畸形手术治疗的探讨[J]. 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2022, 36(3): 167-171. Wang Y, Chen JR, Li XY.Application of surgery combined with bleomycin irrigation for complex cervical-facial lymphatic malformations in children[J]. Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head And Neck Surgery, 2022, 36(3): 167-171. [112] Ma J, Biao R, Lou F, et al.Diagnosis and surgical treatment of cervical macrocystic lymphatic malformations in infants[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2017,14(2): 1293-1298. [113] Roka-Palkovits J, Steinbacher J, Tinhofer I, et al.Treatment of cervicofacial lymphaticovenous malformation with vascularized lymph node transfer[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2018,142(3):425e-426e. [114] Kato M, Watanabe S, Iida T, et al.Peri-orbital lymphangioma treated by lymphatic-venous anastomosis with indocyanine green lymphography analysis[J]. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep, 2017,23: 9-14. [115] Kato M,Watanabe S, Iida T, et al.Venous anastomosis procedure for treatment of lymphatic malformation in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome[J]. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep, 2017, 20: 1-3. [116] Chen WL, Zhang B, Wang JG, et al.Surgical excision of cervicofacial giant macrocystic lymphatic malformations in infants and children[J]. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2009, 73(6): 833-837. [117] 郑燕, 胡光珍, 林琦, 等. 婴幼儿头颈部血管瘤术后护理的最佳证据总结[J]. 中华现代护理杂志, 2023, 29(20): 2675-2679. Zheng Y, Hu GZ, Lin Q, et al.Summary of best evidence for postoperative nursing of infants with head and neck hemangiomas[J]. Chinese Journal of Modern Nursing,2023, 29(20): 2675-2679. [118] 李秀举, 李恩山, 马爱青, 等. 蓝色橡皮-大疱性痣综合征的围手术期护理[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2012,47(5):397-399. Li XJ, Li ES, Ma AQ, et al.Perioperative nursing of a patient with blue rubber bled nevus syndrome[J]. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 2012, 47(5): 397-399. [119] Cheng CE, Friedlander SF.Infantile hemangiomas, complications and treatments[J]. Semin Cutan Med Surg, 2016, 35(3): 108-116. [120] Lederhandler MH, Pomerantz H, Orbuch D, et al.Treating pediatric port-wine stains in aesthetics[J]. Clin Dermatol, 2022, 40(1): 11-18. |